Lion Nathans Strategy and Position

Lion Nathans Strategy and Position SWOT ANALYSIS: SWOT analysis of Lion Nathan Brewing reflects its competitive advantage over other brewery companies. This SWOT analysis gives a picture about individual strengths of Lion Nathan, the weaknesses of the company, any opportunities presented for future, and threats from other brewing companies. All of these elements are of specific importance in assessing a companys core competencies and developing a plan for future achievements. STRENGTH: In the year 1999, Lion Nathan was considered to be one of the international brewery companies with its area of operations covering three main geographic locations around the world, namely, New Zealand, China, and Australia and now being mostly New Zealand and Australia. Being its area of operation restricted in the earlier days, this enabled Lion Nathan to attract a huge group of people and so gave the company a chance to experiment new products. Lion Nathan now has an excellent broad base portfolio and it offers a wide range of alcoholic beverages. Its massive portfolio is able to satisfy all the demands of its customers. It has captured a large proportion of market segment in Australia and New Zealand. It is mainly engaged in the production and marketing of alcoholic beverages of wine, beer, and spirits in New Zealand and Australia, although its products are sold globally. Lion Nathan takes it pride in being a part of Australias and New Zealands most favored brands like like XXXX, Speights, Tooheys, Steinlager, Hahn, Lion Red, Wither Hills, James Boags, Bacardi and St Hallett. It is mainly known for selling premium beers in these areas. Lion Nathans main area of focus has always remained innovation and finding out new opportunities in order to achieve growth. Its innovation has led to increasing consumption among the mass. Lion Nathans new product XXXX Summer Bright Lager is a low-carb drink which is undoubtedly the lowest-carb beer in the Queensland market. Its new innovation has helped the company to top the market in Australia and with the overwhelming response, they attracted more and more group of customers across the country and its national distribution is above their expectations which is outselling Corona its competitor. It also relaunched Italian beer and snatched away the customers of Coca-Cola Amatils Peroni brand. It was a like a kick off to the its competitors. Lion Nathan also launched a new product Steinlager Pure which is a smooth flavoured l ager which consisted all natural ingredients of New Zealand and was completely preservative free which was a highly compelling export proposition which is now New Zealands biggest selling classic lager. Even Lion Nathan is certain to become the second largest wine distributor after it took over the brands of Pernod-Ricard. It will sell 12 major brands of Pernod-Ricard. WEAKNESS: Lions operations are limited only to Australia and New Zealand and so its economy is far below expectations as compared to its competitors. OPPORTUNITIES: The Asian beer market is said to be very strong. It is predicted that China will occupy one quarter of the beer consumption worldwide. There is a reduction in import tax on foreign made alcohol in China. Consumers in China focus mainly on premium-style beers and so this is an opportunity for Lion Nathan. China is experiencing a steady growth rise. Also, the Asian beer consumption is expected to grow 5% between 2009 and 2015. THREATS: The global beer market has declined to a growth of 0.5% due to the regional differences. Also vehement competition in the beer market can take away significant proportion of Lions market share. PEST ANALYSIS: POLITICAL FACTORS: The Australian Government has figured out the alcohol abuse as one of the major problem among youngsters in the Australian society. It has therefore imposed an excise charge on beer. This charge is imposed according to the alcohol content in the beer. Also, customs duty applies to all imported products. This duty is also levied according to alcohol content. For beer with alcohol content less than 1.15% the charge is 5%. Industry sources have now made an assumption that the governments strict charges on beer is likely to cause the price of beer to go high as there is 10% GST levied on the service component. The same thing was repeated in New Zealand. The excise charges on beer were revised in New Zealand due to which the price of beer went up. Lion Nathan experienced a price rise of 4% due to this revised taxation policy. ECONOMIC FACTORS: According to the Australian Drug Foundation, the alcohol manufacturers will no longer be able to advertise or sponsor sport within the next 10 years. Also, the alcohol industry has continued to act in bad faith by avoiding its own rules in areas such advertising to children through sports sponsorship, promoting responsible drinking, etc. This is likely to harm the economic background of the company. Advertising wine and spirits on social networking sites will be restricted. SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS: Beer consumes in Australia tend to follow a myth that low-carb beer helps in weight management. About 74% of the Australian population seems to believe this which builds up a strong social background of Lion Nathan. The 2011 Rugby Match in New Zealand provides a huge flock of tourist before and during the match with cheers to Lion Nathan TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS: Lion Nathan has been always a follower of technology and innovation. It believes in meeting its consumers demands. It has found the new QR code technology which helps its consumers in selecting the right wine for the right occasion. Each QR code is linked with a specific wine, and each scan will pull up a mobile-friendly site replete with information on each wine. Scanners can watch videos about the wine in question, get video tours of wineries, discover food pairings, read up on harvest and tasting notes and check out reviews. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: the companys demand for beer is affected by the climatic conditions. The cool winter led to a decreased demand for beer while the summer boosted the consumption of beer. LEGAL FACTORS: In the year 2009, Lion Nathan did file any legal action for anti-competitive behavior or anti-trust or trade practices. Lion Nathan has had never experienced any sort of non-compliance with health and safety measures and regulations. The company has always complied with the laws. CORE RESOURCES AND ITS COMPETENCIES: Competitive advantage is the strength of Lion Nathan. The beer brand broad portfolio is the core resource of the company. This portfolio gives the company a chance to outweigh other brewery companies. Also, it is Lion Nathans most valuable asset which reflects its performance. Lion Nathan has always remained committed to its brand. It spends most of its revenue by investing in the brand equity of its already existing core brand. It always tries to divert its customers to focus on its core brands as a national focus and encourages them to buy premium products. In Australia, Lion Nathan holds around 75% of group assets and 80% of operating profits. Lion Nathans beer market share is experiencing stability of more than 44% including its most recently acquired Boags brands. In New Zealand, Lion Nathan is countrys leading brewer and now considered the second largest wine distributor with its market share of more than 50%. The strategic focus of manageme nt is to maximimise the performance of Lion Nathans existing core business which involves increasing the returns from Australias and New Zealands beer business and also maximizing the value in fine wine business. Lion Nathan also aims at grabbing opportunities in spirits and ready to drink spirits markets and international wine export markets. Lion Nathan is considered to be a policy leader in areas related to alcohol taxation, liquor licensing, and responsible consumption. It regularly contributes and participates in government and community discussion on all alcohol related issues. Lion Nathan is also an active participant in tax and investment issues that impact the broader trans-Tasman business community. COMPANIES CURRENT STRATEGY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS: Lion Nathan entered the soft drink, restaurant and sales promotion businesses but sold all this because it aimed to concentrate on promoting its beer business. Today, Lion Nathans strategy is to concentrate on the alcohol business, aiming to become a comprehensive alcohol beverage company. Geographically, it concentrates on Australia and New Zealand. Although LN started out in the soft drinks with the Pepsi brand, it sold off that segment in 1998 because it did not contribute to profits to a degree that can be reflected in the EBITDA margin. The company also tried restaurant business, seeking synergy effect with beer-similar to Anheuser-Busch, which bought a bread company. However, Lion Nathan withdrew from this business as well when it did not contribute sufficient profit to the company. These examples suggest that diversification for Lion Nathan has always been undertaken to generate short-term profitability to make shareholders happ y; in the end, however, the company always return to its original beer business which generates the highest earnings. Recently, Lion Nathan made one interesting decision concerning the companys international operation. In spite of the recent craze in the business world to penetrate and prosper in the Chinese market, Lion Nathan actually exited from that market in 2005. Since exiting the Chinese market, Lion Nathan concentrated its resources on the Oceanic market. Growth Strategy: Lion Nathan strongly believes in sustainable long-term growth strategy in order to achieve top-line growth and bottom-line results. Its operational skills are the core competences that it has which can provide the foundation for a growth strategy. Lion Nathan has strong competencies in distribution, innovation, premium brands It successfully manages the growth strategy with its growth skills, especially its skill of new product development. One-Stop Shop Strategy: Lion Nathan offers a variety of services to its customers. Its main idea is to provide convenient and efficient service and also to create the opportunity for the company to sell more products to clients and customers Social Media Strategy: Lion Nathan has also adopted Media strategy to promote its long-neck bottles of Toohey Extra Dry (TED). These TED bottles were tucked in boring non-descript brown bags. Lion Nathan launched a program named TED696 and created designer bags with the help of street artists and designers. These design opportunities were given to public who took over the ownership of the new brand with their innovative designs. Even MTV was involved in it to celebrate the winning design. The media strategy of Lion Nathan worked so well that the sales of longneck TED bottles reached 500,000 sales just in the first 8 weeks of competition. Complete Brand Strategy: Lion Nathans success is mainly dependents on its wide range of brands. Its people help in generating huge amounts of profit and boast a portfolio of Australians and New Zealanders favourite brands. Lion Nathan invests mainly in brands and upgrade their breweries. Lion Nathan has invested 8 to 10% of their revenue income in innovation which goes hand-in-hand with their brand strategy. Culture Strategy: Lion Nathans culture strategy focuses its main attention on creating a sense of purpose, vision and values, developing a leadership capability to model the desired behaviors, and reinforcing those behaviors through appropriate processes and systems. Lion Nas values-based model consists of 10 core behaviors, which are hardwired into all HR processes, including remuneration, performance, and talent management. Lion Nathan believes in promoting a healthy drinking culture. Lion Nathan as a whole works in order to change the unhealthy drinking behaviour and has supported campaigns to prevent alcohol misuse and minimise the potential harm associated with it. Its investment strategy has the aim of facilitating wellbeing of people and identify the major areas of alcohol abuse. RECOMMENDATIONS: Strengthen the companys brand name among mass marketers through intense price competition: Recently, mass merchandisers like the chain big supermarkets such as Coles and Woolworth, have emerged following integration of the retail industry. Each state in Australia has its own popular brands, and there are strong regional preferences. Lion Nathan that are popular in each area, such as Tooheys in New South Wales and XXXX for Queensland, but in each case their popularity in other states is not as high. It is important to extend recognition of these brands nationally because a national brand will stimulate sales to the big national chain retailers. Strengthen the premium beer category: LN does not have a strong presence in the premium beer category, despite the companys high market value. It is important to promote premium brands such as Hahn Premium and James Squire, and internationally known Becks. Lion Nathan began brewing Kirin Ichiban, brewed only by the first wort in the brewhouse process at the Malt Shovel Brewery in May 2003 in response to surging growth in the premium category. This is one brand to be nurtured in the Australian premium beer category. Extend to other alcohol beverages: Price controls on beer, including price increases by the two-company monopoly, seem to be wavering. Recent diversification in market indicate a shift from beer to either wine for older people or RTD for the younger generation. In particular, the price difference between premium beers and RTDs is getting closer. Also, the population increase, largely due to Asian immigrants who typically do not drink much alcohol compared with Australians, has not increased beer consumption. To cope with this situation, LN must seek additional business in other kinds of alcoholic beverages, as a substitute for the beer business. Slightly more than 8% of Lion Nathans revenue in 2006 was derived from the wine business since the company entered that segment in 2000. A new threat to the duopoly: SAB Miller, one of the biggest players in the world, is planning to enter the Australian beer market in cooperation with Coca-Cola affiliate, Coca-Cola Amatil. When this occurs, it will take advantage of Coca-Colas huge channel, which is reportedly 3 times larger than that of beer. This means it is highly likely that SAB Miller will gain market parity in a short period of time. It is necessary for both Fosters and Lion Nathan to establish strategies that will build high entry barriers immediately. Lion Nathans future strategies are translated to the bundle of competencies. Lion Nathan should build sustainability in the beer business first, and then become a comprehensive alcohol beverage company by extending into the wine and RTD segments so that diverse customer preferences are met. This strategy is supported by 3 factors. (1) an expectation that major floating shareholders want Lion Nathan to hold its beer business as a cash; (2) Australias duopolistic beer market share, although it is becoming less stable; (3) the simple distribution system.

Pipeline Hydraulics Design Basis Engineering Essay

It includes the pipe and flow features of the transported fluid under specified operating conditions as established in the design footing.SpeedThe grapevine has to be laid for the distance of 770km between Portland and Montreal, the fluid in the pipe is Light Crude Oil. Speed of flow in a grapevine is the mean speed based on the pipe diameter and liquid flow rate. Its choice is first measure in the scheming process of our undertaking. The flow speed can hold both advantages and drawbacks. High speeds can do turbulency, and the contact of the fluid on the walls of the pipe which will do harm to the pipes and finally gnaw away the pipe, while low speed on the other manus can do the deposition of particulates in the line and cleanliness of the fluid will be compromised. Therefore, to avoid these problemsliquid lines are usually sized to keep a speed sufficient to maintain the solid atoms from lodging and besides to forestall the eroding of the pipe. Under these considerations the recommended speed is in the scope of 3ft/s to 8ft/s. From this selected scope of speed we have to choose a individual speed. The speed we have selected for our line is 5ft/s. This is the intermediate speed from the recommended scope and all the farther computations will be done on this speed.Velocity SelectionThe scope as mentioned above is taken every bit 3ft/s to 5ft/s. The following measure is to choose a individual speed from this scope. We have selected 5ft/s for our line. The ground for this speed choice is the tradeoff between pipe diameter and figure of pump Stationss. Harmonizing to continuity equation if we increase the speed, the corresponding diameter will cut down but the force per unit area loss will increase due to which a higher figure of pump Stationss are required. Similarly if we decrease the speed, the figure of pump Stationss will cut down but the diameter will increase for a given flow rate. Since the grapevine is laid over a long distance, the grapevine cost holds the major portion of the capital investing hence increasing the diameter will adversely impact the economic sciences of grapevine. This tradeoff is seeable in the computations shown in appendix A. The other ground for taking this speed is that if the flow rate fluctuates in the hereafter for any ground the diameter selected from this intermediate speed will be able to suit those fluctuations without impacting our system.Diameter CalculationCalculation of the diameter is the nucleus of the hydraulic designing.The diameter selected should be able to back up the emphasiss on the pipe, the capacity of the fluid and minimise the force per unit area losingss. Under given flow rate and false speeds, we can cipher the pipe diameter utilizing continuity equation:V=Q/AVolt: Flow speed Q: Volume flow rate A: Cross sectional country The flow rate is given as 109,000bbl/day or 7.1ft^3/s. The diameters are calculated at 3, 4, 5ft/s speeds and the several diameters are 20.83 † , 18.04 † and 16.14 † .Choice of DiameterAs mentioned above 5ft/s is selected as the recommended speed and the corresponding internal diameter ( ID ) is 16.14in.Nominal Pipe SizeFor the internal diameter later we have to cipher the nominal pipe size. To cipher the nominal diameter we refer to the â€Å" Pipe Data † provided for the Carbon Steel. From the tabular array shown in appendix B, it is found out that attendant nominal pipe size will be 18in.Features of FlowDifferent flow belongingss are calculated to find the government of flow, losingss in the pipes. The nature of the flow can be laminal or turbulent.There are two types of the losingss. Major losingss include the losingss due to clash in consecutive pipes and minor losingss due to decompression sicknesss, valves, tees. To cipher these we will be covering with Reynolds figure ( for nature of flow ) , Moody diagram ( for clash factor ) and head loss computations.LosingssAs the fluid flows through the pipe there is clash at the pipe wall and unstable interface in the consecutive parts of the pipe due to interference between the fluid and the walls of the pipe. This clash consequences in consequences in the loss of energy in the lineat the disbursal of liquid force per unit area and the losingss are known as the major losingss. Pipe systems consist of constituents in add-on to consecutive pipes. These include decompression sicknesss, valves, tees etc and add farther to the losingss in the line. These losingss are termed as minor losses.Experimental information is used to cipher these losingss as the theoretical anticipation is complex.Major LosingssThe force per unit area bead due to clash in a grapevine depends on the flow rate, pipe diameter, pipe raggedness, liquid specific gravitation, and viscousness. In add-on, the frictional force per unit area bead depends on the Reynolds figure ( and therefore the flow government ) . Therefore, the fluid in the grapevine will undergo force per unit area losingss as it runs in the line and cut down the operating force per unit area. This loss needs to be recovered and to keep the force per unit area pumps are installed at specific locations harmonizing to the demand ( pumps are discussed in Chapter in front ) . These force per unit area losingss are calculated by ut ilizing the Darcy-Weisbach expressiona?† P = degree Fahrenheit ( L/D ) ( V^2/2 ) I?Where, f=Darcy clash factor, dimensionless, normally a figure between 0.008 and 0.10 L=Pipe length, foot D=Pipe internal diameter, foot The force per unit area loss for speed of 5ft/s comes out to be 9625.15psi. All the relevant computations are shown in appendix A.Minor LosingssReal grapevine systems largely consist of more than consecutive pipes. The extra constituents ( valves, tees and decompression sicknesss ) add to the overall loss of the system. These are termed as minor losingss. In instance of really long pipes, these losingss are normally undistinguished incomparison to theA unstable clash in the length considered. But in caseA of short pipes, these minor losingss may really be major losingss such as inA suction pipe of a pumpwith strainer and pes valves.These losingss represent extra energy dissipation in the flow, normally caused by secondary flows induced by curvature or recirculation. Minor loss in diverging flow is much larger than thatA in meeting flow. Minor lossesgenerally increase with an addition in the geometric deformation of the flow. Thoughminor losingss are normally confined to a veryA short length of way, the effects mayA notdisappear for a considerable distance downstream. ItA is undistinguished in instance ofA laminar flow. The force per unit area bead through valves and adjustments is generallyexpressed in footings of the liquid kinetic energy V2/2g multiplied by a head loss coefficient K. Comparing this with the Darcy-Weisbach equation for caput loss in a pipe, we can see the undermentioned analogy. For a consecutive pipe, the caput loss H is V2/2g multiplied by the factor ( fL/D ) . Therefore, the caput loss coefficient for a consecutive pipe is fL/D. Therefore, the force per unit area bead in a valve or adjustment is calculated as follows:h=K ( V^2 ) /2gWhere, h=Head loss due to valve or suiting, foot K=Head loss coefficient for the valve or adjustment, dimensionless V=Velocity of liquid through valve or adjustment, ft/s g=Acceleration due to gravitation, 32.2 ft/s2 in English units The caput loss coefficient K is, for a given flow geometry, considered practically changeless at high Reynolds figure. K increases with pipe raggedness and with lower Reynolds Numberss. In general the value of K is determined chiefly by the flow geometry or by the form of the pressureloss device. Minor loss is by and large expressed in one ofA the two ways In footings of minor loss factor K. In footings length, tantamount to aA certain length of consecutive pipe, usuallyexpressed in footings of figure of pipe diameter. The minor losingss for our system are calculated and consequence in a really low value and can easy be neglected.Reynolds NumberFlow in a liquid grapevine may be smooth, laminar flow, besides known as syrupy or streamline flow. In this type of flow the liquid flows in beds or laminations without doing Eddies or turbulency. But as the speed increases the flow alterations from laminar to turbulent with Eddies and turbulencies. The of import parametric quantity used in sorting the type of flow in the pipe is called Reynolds Number. Reynolds figure gives us the ratio of inertial forces to syrupy forces and is used to find the nature of flow utilizing the recommended speed and the internal diameter. Reynolds figure is given byRe = I?VD/A µFlow through pipes is classified into three chief flow governments and depending upon the Reynolds figure, flow through pipes will fall in one of the undermentioned three flow governments. 1. Laminar flow: R & lt ; 2000 2. Critical flow: R & gt ; 2000 and R & lt ; 4000 3. Disruptive flow: R & gt ; 4000Friction FactorFriction Factor is a dimensionless figure required to cipher the force per unit area losingss in the pipe. Trials have shown that degree Fahrenheit is dependent upon Reynolds figure and comparative raggedness of the pipe. Relative raggedness is ratio of absolute pipe wall raggedness I µ to the pipe diameter D. For laminar flow, with Reynolds figure R & lt ; 2000, the Darcy clash factor degree Fahrenheit is calculated from the simple relationshipf=64/RFor laminar flow the clash factor depends merely on the Reynolds figure and is independent of the internal status of the pipe. Therefore, irrespective of whether the pipe is smooth or unsmooth, the clash factor for laminar flow is a figure that varies reciprocally with the Reynolds figure. For turbulent flow, when the Reynolds figure R & gt ; 4000, the clash factor degree Fahrenheit depends non merely on R but besides on the internal raggedness of the pipe. As the pipe raggedness additions, so does the clash factor. Therefore, smooth pipes have a smaller clash factor compared with unsmooth pipes. More significantly, clash factor depends on the comparative raggedness ( I µ/D ) instead than the absolute pipe raggedness I µ . In the disruptive part it can be calculated utilizing either the Colebrook-White equation or the Moody Diagram.Colebrook-White EquationThe Colebrook equation is an inexplicit equation that combines experimental consequences of surveies of turbulent flow in smooth and unsmooth pipe The Colebrook equation is given as:1/a?sf = -2log ( ( I µ/3.7D ) + ( 2.51/Rea?sf ) )But the turbulent flow part ( R & gt ; 4000 ) consists of three separate parts: Turbulent flow in smooth pipes Turbulent flow in to the full unsmooth pipes Passage flow between smooth and unsmooth pipes For disruptive flow in smooth pipes, pipe raggedness has a negligible consequence on the clash factor. Therefore, the clash factor in this part depends merely on the Reynolds figure as follows:1/a?sf = -2log ( 2.51/Rea?sf )For disruptive flow in to the full unsmooth pipes, the clash factor degree Fahrenheit appears to be less dependent on the Reynolds figure as the latter additions in magnitude. It depends merely on the pipe raggedness and diameter. It can be calculated from the undermentioned equation:1/a?sf = -2log ( ( I µ/3.7D )For the passage part between turbulent flow in smooth pipes and turbulent flow in to the full unsmooth pipes, the clash factor degree Fahrenheit is calculated utilizing the Colebrook-White equation given above:1/a?sf = -2log ( ( I µ/3.7D ) + ( 2.51/Rea?sf ) )Moody DiagramThe Colebrook equation is an inexplicit equation and requires test and mistake method to cipher f.To provide the easiness for ciphering f scientists and research workers developed a gra phical method known as Moody diagram.The Moody chart or Moody diagramis a graph that relates the clash factor, Reynolds figure and comparative raggedness for to the full developed flow in a round pipe.In the diagram clash factor is plotted poetries Reynolds figure. The curves are plotted utilizing the experimental information. The Moody diagram represents the complete clash factor map for laminar and all disruptive parts of pipe flows. To utilize the Moody diagram for finding the clash factor degree Fahrenheit we foremost calculate the Reynolds figure R for the flow. Following, we find the location on the horizontal axis of Reynolds figure for the value of R and pull a perpendicular line that intersects with the appropriate comparative raggedness ( e/D ) curve. From this point of intersection on the ( e/D ) curve, we read the value of the clash factor degree Fahrenheit on the perpendicular axis on the left.Other Pressure Drop RelationsHazen-Williams EquationThe Hazen-Williams equation is normally used in the design of waterdistribution lines and in the computation of frictional force per unit area bead inrefined crude oil merchandises such as gasolene and Diesel. This methodinvolves the usage of the Hazen-Williams C-factor alternatively of pipe roughnessor liquid viscousness. The force per unit area bead computation utilizing the Hazen-Williams equation takes into history flow rate, pipe diameter, and specificgravi ty as follows:h=4.73L ( Q/C ) 1.852/D4.87Where, h=Head loss due to clash, foot L=Pipe length, foot D=Pipe internal diameter, foot Q=Flow rate, ft3/s C=Hazen-Williams coefficient or C-factor, dimensionless In customary grapevine units, the Hazen-Williams equation can berewritten as follows in English units:Q=0.1482 ( C ) ( D ) 2.63 ( Pm/Sg ) 0.54Where, Q=Flow rate, bbl/day D=Pipe internal diameter, in. Pm=Frictional force per unit area bead, psi/mile Sg=Liquid specific gravitation Another signifier of Hazen-Williams equation, when the flow rate is in gal/ min and caput loss is measured in pess of liquid per thousand pess of pipe is as follows:GPM=6.7547A-10-3 ( C ) ( D ) 2.63 ( HL ) 0.54Where, GPM=Flow rate, gal/min HL=Friction loss, foot of liquid per 1000 foot of pipe In SI units, the Hazen-Williams equation is as follows:Q=9.0379A-10-8 ( C ) ( D ) 2.63 ( Pkm/Sg ) 0.54Where, Q=Flow rate, m3/hr D=Pipe internal diameter, millimeter Pkm=Frictional force per unit area bead, kPa/km Sg=Liquid specific gravitationShell-MIT EquationThe Shell-MIT equation, sometimes called the MIT equation, is used in the computation of force per unit area bead in heavy petroleum oil and heated liquid grapevines. Using this method, a modified Reynolds figure Rm iscalculated foremost from the Reynolds figure as follows:R=92.24 ( Q ) / ( DI? )Rm=R/ ( 7742 )Where, R=Reynolds figure, dimensionless Rm=Modified Reynolds figure, dimensionless Q=Flow rate, bbl/day D=Pipe internal diameter, in. I?=Kinematic viscousness, Central Time Than depending on the flow ( laminal or turbulent ) , the clash factor is calculated from one of the undermentioned equations:f=0.00207/Rm ( laminal flow )f=0.0018+0.00662 ( 1/Rm ) 0.355 ( disruptive flow )Finally, the force per unit area bead due to clash is calculated utilizing theequationPm=0.241 ( f SgQ2 ) /D5Where, Pm=Frictional force per unit area bead, psi/mile f=Friction factor, dimensionless Sg=Liquid specific gravitation Q=Flow rate, bbl/day D=Pipe internal diameter, in. In SI units the MIT equation is expressed as follows:Pm=6.2191A-1010 ( f SgQ2 ) /D5Where, Pm=Frictional force per unit area bead, kPa/km f=Friction factor, dimensionless Sg=Liquid specific gravitation Q=Flow rate, m3/hr D=Pipe internal diameter, millimeter

Treatment Methods for Depression Essay - 989 Words

Depression is mental illnesses characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, despair and worthlessness that interfere with daily functioning and personal relationships. It is an illness caused by an imbalance of the chemicals in the brain. It affects about 19 million people and cost billions in any given year (Ford-Martin). Some of the symptoms of depression are having a hard time focusing, constant crying, and loss of interest or pleasure in ordinary everyday activities, sleep problems, problems with eating and weight (gain or loss). Depression strikes all age groups, and often goes unrecognized or inadequately treated. There is a recent debate is on the different treatment methods for depression and which are the most effective. The†¦show more content†¦The goal of antidepressant medication is to provide some relief of the symptoms within two to six weeks. Nevertheless, not every antidepressant works for every individual. Sometimes several must be tried before finding one that produces the most beneficial results with the fewest side effects. Psychotherapy therapy focuses on the personal and interpersonal issues underlying depression. It explores an individuals life to bring to light possible contributing causes of the present depression. During treatment, the therapist helps the patient to become aware of his or her thinking patterns and how they came to be. There are several different subtypes of psychotherapy, but all have the common goal of helping the individual develop healthy problem solving and coping skills. Two of the most widely used treatment methods are cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy (Hammen 141). Cognitive-behavioral therapy was developed by Aaron Beck (Hammen 141). It assumes that the patients faulty thinking is causing the current depression and focuses on changing the depressed patients thought patterns and perceptions. 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Cognitive behavioral therapy is designed to help clients recognize and changeRead MoreCognitive Therapy And The Treatment Of Depression1089 Words   |  5 PagesCognitive Therapy (ICS) Study An accruing relapse of depression is hard to overcome nevertheless; preventing these relapses is the key. The length of depression constitutes a major problem in the treatment of depression. However, many evidences suggest that psychological treatments have been withdrawn to the many treatment trials that have been found in cognitive therapy such as drugs or different types of therapy that defends against depression. â€Å"The preventive interventions such as the drugs operateRead MoreECT as an Effective Treatment for Self Harm1329 Words   |  6 PagesECT as an Effective Treatment for Self Harm in Extreme Cases of Mentally Unstable Patients who Cannot Give Informed Consent There is much controversy in regards to how far a practitioner should go to protect a patients well-being, whilst trying to adhere to their rights and consent of treatment methods (Feldman, 1990, p. 261). The most ethical solution is to only resort to extreme methods of treatments if the patient is clearly seen as not being mentally stable enough to provide the right judgementRead MoreThe Benefits Of Electroconvulsive Therapy ( Ect )737 Words   |  3 Pagestherapy is considered one of the most reliable treatments for depressions. This therapy use electrodes that deliver a very tiny electric current to the patient’s scalp. Due to the fact that this electrical current causes a seizure in the grain, the patient is under general anesthesia. Doctors recommended this therapy only when a people suffers from severe depression and is not responsive to pills and psychotherapy. It is also considered, the best treatment when the patient is a threat for himself or

Sentence Connectors Sentences Showing Cause / Effect

Sentence connectors are words and phrases that connect sentences to help with understanding. Sentence connectors are also known as linking language. This linking language can be used to order what you have to say, show opposition, provide clarification and so on. In many grammar books, you will find information about sentence connectors when reading about subordinating conjunctions, coordinating conjunctions and so on. Here are sentence connectors that show cause and effect in written English.   Type of Connector Connector(s) Examples Coordinating conjunctions for (cause), so (effect) Professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient, for their positions are at times rather stressful.The doctor decided a second opinion was required, so Tom was sent to an eye specialist. Subordinating conjunctions because, since, as Since high level positions are at times rather stressful, professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient.Ive decided to go back to school because Ive always wanted to study philosophy.As the meeting began late, the CEO went directly to his presentation on last quarters sales. Conjunctive adverbs therefore, as a result, consequently High level positions are at times rather stressful. Therefore, professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient.Susan enjoyed spending her free time at the theater. As a result, she decided to take a vacation in London in order to attend plays.The rent has increased drastically over the past two years. Consequently, weve decided to move to a less expensive city. Prepositions because of, due to, as a result of Due to the stressful nature of high level positions, professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient.Albert left work early because of his appointment with his doctor.Many students spend two or more hours playing video games each day. As a result, their grades suffer and they sometimes need to repeat classes. More About Sentence Connectors Once you have mastered the basics of correct usage in written English, you will want to express yourself in increasingly  complex ways. One of the best ways to improve your writing style is to use sentence connectors. Sentence connectors are used to express relationships between ideas and to combine sentences. The use of these connectors will add sophistication to your writing style. Sentence connectors can do more than show cause and result. Here is a short overview with examples of each type of sentence connector and links to more information. When you want to give additional information: Not only have I not finished my work on the report, but I also need to begin work on next months presentation in New York which is very important.Mark would like to focus on his studies next year. In addition, he wants to look for an internship to improve his resume to help him in his future job hunt. Some sentence connectors show opposition to an idea  or indicate surprise situations. Mary asked for another week to complete the project although she had already spent three weeks in preparation.Despite the economic growth of the past eight years, most middle class citizens are having difficult making ends meet.    Contrasting information with connectors helps you show both sides of any argument: On the one hand, we havent invested in infrastructure over the past three decades. On the other hand, tax revenues are at the lowest in years.Unlike my French class, homework in my business course is challenging and interesting.   Subordinating conjunctions such as if or unless express conditions in various situations. If we dont finish the project soon, our boss will be very upset and fire everyone!She decided to finish school in New York. Otherwise, shed have to move back home and live with her parents. Comparing ideas, objects ,  and people is another use for these connectors: Just as Alice would like to attend art school, Peter wants to go to a music conservatory.  The marketing department feels we need a new add campaign. Similarly, research and development feel our products need a fresh approach.

Statistics And Crime Statistics On Crime - 2297 Words

Official crime statistics refer to statistical data which are compiled by official agencies such as the police and courts, and are published by the state. National statistics about crime in England and Wales have been collected and published by the Home Office annually since 1857. These figures are compiled by putting together the offences recorded by the police in each of the forty-three police areas in England and Wales. The statistics contained in these volumes are of great significance, not only for those who study crime or work in the criminal justice system, but also for politicians, the mass media and the general public, for whom these are the major source of authorized information about the extent and trends in crime. These figures give an indication of whether crime is increasing or decreasing and allow geographical areas to be compared, they also give a good indication of police workload. However, official statistics on crime arguably have serious deficiencies. Whether off icial crime statistics are an accurate measure of the extent and seriousness of crime can be questioned for a number of reasons, which will be discussed in the following essay. Alternative methods of measuring crime such as self-report studies and victim surveys, which may be a more accurate measure of the extent and seriousness of crime will also be discussed. A crucial factor that can affect the recorded level of crime is the extent to which members of the public are prepared to reportShow MoreRelatedStatistics : Collecting Crime Statistics1206 Words   |  5 PagesCollecting Crime Statistics Rebekah VanDijk CRCJ 2334.002 Professor Carpenter 20 October 2014â€Æ' Collecting Crime Statistics Law enforcement agencies use three different sources to collect crime statistics. They use official statistics, victimizations surveys, and self-report surveys as their main sources of collecting data. The University of Texas at Arlington and the University of Texas at Austin both have pretty similar crime statistics. Official statistics include the UCR, Uniform Crime ReportRead MoreCrime Statistics And Juvenile Crime951 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Crime Statistics The paper will focus and highlight some details of the statistics of juvenile crime statistics and juvenile crime itself. Is an aim to evaluate the reduction in national juvenile arrest, narcotics offenses, minor assaults, and the allegations regarding minor females, with the incousion of ethnic and racial classes. Additionally, data will be shown on the increase in arrest for minor females, the contrast in decrease for their male delinquent counterparts and voilent crimes andRead MoreMeasuring Crime And Crime Statistics1876 Words   |  8 Pages Measuring crime helps criminal justice agencies to reflect on the effectiveness of policies in existence and correctly target resources. Crime statistics are therefore central to solving crime in England and Wales. In order for crime to be tackled effectively, it is vital that it is measured accurately. There are two sources of crime statistics published annually in the UK namely police recorded crime and the Crime Survey of England and Wales. According to the Crime Survey of England and WalesRead MoreJuvenile Crime Statistics878 Words   |  4 PagesJUVENILE CRIME STATISTICS PAPER Juvenile Crime Statistics Paper CJA/374 September 19, 2012 The information in this article gives statistics of juvenile crime in America ranging from the late 1980’s to 2008. Its purpose is to take the information provided in these studies over the past 20 years or so to guide efforts and address the disparities among the youth to combat and prevent juvenile delinquency to better the lives of our children and for the future of our nationRead MoreJuvenile Crime Statistics677 Words   |  3 PagesIndividual Assignment; Juvenile Crime Statistics Paper CJA374 Juvenile Justice Systems and Processes Francisco Jorge Flores Sr. December 3rd, 2012 Mrs. Amy Gordon University of Phoenix Write a 700 to 1,050 word paper summarizing the key points of the â€Å"Juvenile Arrests 2008† article. Address the following; According to Puzzanchera (2009), on his Juvenile Arrests 2008, article published through the Juvenile Justice Bulletin from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, juvenileRead MoreCrime Statistics Comparison2178 Words   |  9 PagesComparison of Crime Statistics Crime statistics endeavour to provide statistical measures of crime in societies. They provide a point of analysis and comparison, allow countries to form long-term patterns and trends and can help to develop and reform criminal justice policies as well as being more meaningful than raw numbers. Using the countries of Bahrain and the United States as a comparison point for the following issues which surround crime statistics such as biases, agendas and general influencesRead MoreThe Uniform Crime Report And Crime Statistics1066 Words   |  5 PagesThe Uniform Crime Report represents police reported crime statistics. It includes a number of reported offences, actual offences, offences cleared by charge, and offences cleared otherwise (Morden, H. K. and Palys, T., 2015). The police-reported crime statistics best represent the positivist perspective. It is not biased, and complete, accurate, and standardized to facilitate temporal and spatial comparisons (Morden, H. K. and Palys, T., 2015). It also believes that Criminal Code reflects society’sRead MoreJuvenile Crime Statistics Essay931 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Crime Statistics William Scott Bennett CJA/374 September 24, 2012 LeDetra C. Jones Juvenile Arrests 2008 Data is collected by law enforcement agencies within the United States and submitted to the Federal Bureau of Investigations for tracking purposes. These numbers are used by analysts at the FBI to indicate trends in crime and to possibly develop alternative policing methods. A statistician can manipulate numbers to show what they feel is relevant, but aside fromRead MoreJuvenile Crime Statistics Paper765 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Crime Statistics Paper University of Phoenix CJA374 May 10, 2011 Juvenile Crime Statistics Paper This paper will address and summarize four different points from the juvenile arrests bulletin from 2001. Such points included in the summary are the overall decrease in juvenile arrests, the increase in drug offenses and simple assaults, implications for juvenile females and minorities, and last an assessment of the tracking of juvenile arrests as a method of measuring the amountRead More Analyzing Crime Statistics Essay2124 Words   |  9 PagesCrime statistics endeavor to provide statistical measures of crime in societies. They provide a point of analysis and comparison, allow countries to form long-term patterns and trends and can help to develop and reform criminal justice policies as well as being more meaningful than raw numbers. Using the countries of Bahrain and the United States as a comparison point for the following issues which surround crime statistics such as biases, agendas and general influences like education and religion;

A Strong Coding Foundation Free Essays

The healthcare field involves the use of medical language in note taking and diagnosis. For a professional in this are it is necessary to have the coding skills. This paper will look at importance of understanding medical terminology and anatomy in attaining these skills. We will write a custom essay sample on A Strong Coding Foundation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Effective Coding The most significant step in a health care profession involves learning the common medical terminology and understanding the code’s meaning. This helps in correct diagnosis and performance of procedural codes written in medical language as in a physician’s notes, thus building the coder’s confidence. The American Academy of Professional Coder’s (AAPC’s) offers essential courses like Medical Terminology and Anatomy, for medical coding and billing and career preparation in a non-clinical medical profession. It uses the coder’s view to introduce students to the human body in a medical coding and reimbursement profession language. It also provides the certified professional coder (CPC) exam to assess this knowledge requirement. The seriousness It is important to take the medical terminology course seriously in order to gain a strong medical knowledge base by avoiding the rush through text, smash through quiz and cramming for exams to ensure long term retention of information. Alternatively, different study methods such as chunking, making mental notes, creating flash cards for a chapter and memorizing by association can be used. In addition, one can also focus more on challenging areas. Application to CPC Exam The CPC exam’s open book is a great resource for preparation as it contains anatomy images which offer more understanding. Additionally, while taking the exam, confidence and quick movement through questions is of importance. An understanding of medical terminology and anatomy is also essential in the implementation ICD-10-CM and ICD-10-PCS which is more detailed and involves consistent terminology. Conclusion Due to the importance of knowledge terminology and human anatomy all coders and medical records professionals should ensure that they possess it. References Ericson, B., 2009. A Strong Coding Foundation: Build upon Medical Terminology and Anatomy for CPC Success. Retrieved from http://healthinformation.advanceweb.com/Student-and-New-Grad-Center/Certifications-and-Credentials/A-Strong-Coding-Foundation.aspx on 10th July, 2010. How to cite A Strong Coding Foundation, Papers

College and the Marines Essay Example For Students

College and the Marines Essay It was about eight o’clock on a Sunday night. I was watching TV with my family after our dinner. Sunday was family night so we always had a big dinner and everyone had to stay in that night and spend time with each other. We we’re watching the travel channel because that was my dad’s favorite. Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmerman took a commercial break and that’s when it happened. I saw the commercial that has affected my way of think for the past six years. The commercial is called The Climb. It’s an old Marines commercial which is intended to get people like me to enlist. I know everything there is to know about this commercial. It’s exactly one minute three seconds. It was released on February 23, 2002 as an honor of the Marines who raised the flag at Iwo Jima on that date fifty seven years before. I don’t know why this commercial reached out to me. I just couldn’t stop thinking about the man climbing the mountain, about the challenges he overcame. I couldn’t stop thinking about the Blue uniform, the sword, and the emblem. I got onto the Marines website and started learning as much as I could. Before I knew it I was on there every day after school. It didn’t stop there though. Every time we used computers at school I would go to that website or look up pictures of Marines. That’s all I could think about. I would daydream about being a Marine all the time. During class, in the car, at home, it didn’t matter where I was I just always had my head in the clouds. At the beginning of my junior year I told my parents about my obsession. They didn’t say much about it. The only thing my dad said was â€Å"I like the uniforms. They have the nicest uniforms†. My mom said â€Å"That’s a lot of responsibility. They will straighten you up†. That was the full discussion. I don’t think they took me seriously. My senior year came and everyone was choosing were they wanted to go to college. While everyone was going on visits to campuses, I was going on visits to the recruiting office. While my best friends took the ACT, I took the ASVAB. I scored an 89 which is way above average and would let me do anything I wanted. My friends would brag to me about their scores. I tried to show off my ASVAB scores, but everyone just asked why I was going to the military. None of my friends wanted me to go, because they thought they would never see me again and they didn’t want me to die. I would explain to them why I wanted to go so desperately. I told them that I wanted something different. School was never for me, I always did well, but I never liked sitting in the same place for hours every day. I couldn’t stay focus. I also said that I wanted the challenge; too prove something of myself and a place that I could fit in better than I do in school. would explain to them about the adventures and adrenaline rushes that I would have. I am admittedly an adrenaline junky) The most important part speech was when I told them about the bad things about being a Marine. I always thought that’s the most important part because it shows people that I knew what I was getting myself into and I wasn’t blindly jumping into a lifetime decision. I reminded them about the chance of death, the hard work, being away from them for a long time, and all of the non-glorious parts on a Marines life. Even after our countless amounts of discussions my friends still didn’t respect my decision, and keep fighting to make me stay. .u746ce166f1c36badc61af02afcb604f7 , .u746ce166f1c36badc61af02afcb604f7 .postImageUrl , .u746ce166f1c36badc61af02afcb604f7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u746ce166f1c36badc61af02afcb604f7 , .u746ce166f1c36badc61af02afcb604f7:hover , .u746ce166f1c36badc61af02afcb604f7:visited , .u746ce166f1c36badc61af02afcb604f7:active { border:0!important; } .u746ce166f1c36badc61af02afcb604f7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u746ce166f1c36badc61af02afcb604f7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u746ce166f1c36badc61af02afcb604f7:active , .u746ce166f1c36badc61af02afcb604f7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u746ce166f1c36badc61af02afcb604f7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u746ce166f1c36badc61af02afcb604f7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u746ce166f1c36badc61af02afcb604f7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u746ce166f1c36badc61af02afcb604f7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u746ce166f1c36badc61af02afcb604f7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u746ce166f1c36badc61af02afcb604f7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u746ce166f1c36badc61af02afcb604f7 .u746ce166f1c36badc61af02afcb604f7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u746ce166f1c36badc61af02afcb604f7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Christmas Season Comes And Goes Each Year, Leaving Behind A Spirit EssayEvery Wednesday at five o’clock I had Marines PT. It was supposed to keep me in shape and get me ready for basic training. I went to every practice for about two months, but I had to stop because volleyball season started up. My recruiter and I had become pretty good friends so he understood that I had a sport to play and he even came to some of my games. I never got too close to him though because I knew he was just doing his job, and I wasn’t sure if he even really cared. My parents met him at one of my games and set up a meeting to talk to him more. I wasn’t there for the meeting because I had an away game, but both my parents and my recruiter said it went well and it was extremely helpful for my parents. Volleyball season was almost half way over, and my recruiter didn’t want to waste any more time, and neither did I. He wanted to set up a date for me to go and sign up and swear in. I told my parents with excitement, but they didn’t look as happy as me. They told me that they’ve been talking and didn’t want me to go. Needless to say I was very upset. They played along for the longest time and at the very end they turned on me. We got into a huge argument that lasted for a month. Every day my dad and I would fight about it and my mom would be crying in her room. I felt like they screwed me over, because they could have told me how they really felt at the beginning and I would have thought of more options for my life, but they didn’t so I was too late to apply to any schools except for Columbus State. I told my dad that â€Å"I’m 18 I don’t need your permission, I can just go and sign up now if I wanted to†. The he would tell me â€Å"then you can leave my house because I don’t have to take care of you anymore†. It was vicious fighting that lasted too long. I didn’t want to go without their permission because I didn’t want to betray them like that. My dad didn’t want to kick me out of the house because I’m his youngest child, I’m his baby, I’m the last one he will ever have. After a while I got tired of the fighting, tired of hearing my mom cry, and tired of everyone telling me that I was throwing my life away. So I applied to Columbus State and got accepted like everyone else who applies there. I told my recruiter what happened and he was upset that I wasn’t joining anymore, but respected me for not wanting to turn my back on my parents. It turned out that he was the only person that went along with any of my decisions. After I talked to him for the last time I found out that he was a true friend, because can disagree with your decisions but they will respect them. So now its five months later, and I am enrolled as a full time student at Columbus State Community College. I’m in school all over again. The place where I never thought I belonged, and the place I never thought I fitted in. I have three classes a day and I hate every one of them. It’s not because of the teachers or because of the course itself. It’s just because it’s not where I belong. I think about how different my life would be if I went down the path I wanted to, and I think about other chances I will get to go down that path. I regret basing my decision off of what everyone else wanted, and if I could do it again, I would do it differently. Now I sit in my classes with my arms crossed, eyes staring at the ground, and my mind in the place where it’s been for the past six years.